Time and Form Essay Example for Free

Time and Form Essay Introduction While the English language has past and present tenses, it does not have a future tense because there is no particle for it. To say what will happen in the future, you can use the modal auxiliary will (plus the base form of the main verb), the verb phrase be going to (plus the base form of the main verb, the present simple or the present progressive, etc†¦ But, be careful! There are times when one is preferred over the others. We can accept that there are 7 main ways of this. Take a look at the following examples: The first five of these are commonly used in both speech and writing: 1. Emma is seeing Luke tomorrow – the present progressive, also known as the present continuous. 2. Emma is going to see Luke tomorrow – BE + going to, sometimes referred to as the â€Å"(BE) going to future†. 3. Emma sees Luke tomorrow – the present simple. 4. Emma will see Luke tomorrow this modal form is sometimes, unhelpfully, called the â€Å"future simple†. 5. Emma will be seeing Luke tomorrow – this modal progressive (or continuous) form is sometimes, unhelpfully, called the â€Å"future progressive/continuous†. The last two are used in more restricted contexts: 6. Emma is to see Luke tomorrow – BE + to + infinitive. 7. Emma to see Luke tomorrow – to- infinitive. There are also some so-called ‘future perfect’ constructions, which we will consider at the end of these notes: 8. Emma will have seen Luke †¦ 9. Emma will have been seeing Luke †¦ 10. Emma is going to have seen Luke †¦ Details: 1. The present progressive (also known as the present continuous – planned action) In English, we often use the present progressive (be + verb + ing) to talk about future events which have already been planned. Time words in the sentence, such as next week, next year, tomorrow, etc. , make it clear that the action is not happening at this moment. This form usually refers to a situation that began before the moment of speaking, continues at or around, and after, the present moment, and into the future, and is of limited duration: I am writing these notes on the future. (At this moment). Lindsay is driving to work this week. (She normally goes by bus). The present progressive can refer to a future situation that has been arranged before the present time. The arrangement continues through the present until the situation occurs: Emma is seeing Luke tomorrow, (They arranged this meeting yesterday) Note that only the context or co-text (in the last example the word tomorrow) can tell us which time-period a present progressive verb form refers to. Also note that it is simply not possible to make arrangements for some future situations. It is therefore not normally possible to say It is raining tomorrow. Watch out: Verbs that describe states rather than actions are not used in the progressive form. These include words like know, believe, hear, love, seem, own and need. Study the examples below. Im playing golf with some friends on Saturday. (correct) Im needing a ride to work tomorrow. (incorrect) In the first example, the speaker is talking about an action that has been planned. The use of the words on Saturday tell us that the action is not happening right now. The use of the verb need in the second example is incorrect. Need is used to show a state or condition rather than an action. Therefore, it is wrong to use it in the progressive form. The chart below shows more words that are not used in the progressive form. Verbs Not Used in the Progressive (a) Verbs describing feelings or attitude like, prefer, appear, seem, want, look, love, hate, appreciate, dislike, need (b) Verbs showing ownership possess, belong, own, have (c) Verbs associated with the senses smell, see, hear, taste (d) Verbs concerning mental activity forget, remember, understand, know, believe, mean, recognize, think Note: Some of these words can be used in the progressive form with changes in meaning. I have been meaning to write her. (The speaker was intending to write to her. ) Im sorry. Miss Jones is seeing a client at the moment. Would you mind waiting? (Miss Jones is with a client. ) You will be hearing from my attorney! (My attorney will be contacting you. ) 2. The modal structure: BE + going to Although you may hear or read that this form indicates ‘present intention’, this is not always true. It is hard to imagine any intention in this sentence: â€Å"Look at those black clouds; it is going to rain soon. † BE + going to refers to a future situation for which there is present evidence. In the previous example, the present evidence is the black clouds. In the following example, the present evidence may simply be the speaker’s knowledge that Emma and Luke have arranged the meeting: Emma is going to see Luke tomorrow. When the present evidence is an arrangement, then there is, practically speaking, no real difference in meaning between the present progressive and BE + going to. 3. The modal will + bare infinitive The modal auxiliary verb will has a number of possible meanings. Four of the more common are: a. certainty – John left an hour ago, so he will be home by now. (The speaker is certain that John is home) b.habitual characteristic: Andrea will sit at her desk for hours without saying a word. (This is what she often does. ) c. volition (willingness): I’ll carry your bag for you. (The speaker is offering to carry the bag. ) Fred will carry your bag for you. (The speaker is offering Fred’s services. ) d. instant decision: What will I do tomorrow? I know! I’ll go to the zoo. (The speaker decides to go to the zoo at the very moment of speaking – no plans had been made for this visit. ) Context tells us whether the certainty (a) is about the present, as in the example above, or the future: Prince Charles will become King when the present Queen dies. Habitual characteristic (b) is something that is shown regularly. It was observed in the past, can be observed in the present, and will presumably be observed in the future. It is not possible to know of a future habitual characteristic, so we do not use this form for purely future reference. Volition (c), denoting an offer, can refer only to a future situation. Will is normally contracted to ‘ll. Instant decisions (d) can be made only about a future situation and, usually, only reported by the person making the decision. We therefore usually encounter this meaning only with I or we as the subject. Will is normally contracted to ‘ll. The word tomorrow in the following sentence tells us that the seeing (meeting) is in the future: Emma will see Luke tomorrow. Only context can tell us whether the speaker is certain of the occurrence of the future meeting, or reporting that Emma is willing to see Luke. Note that other modals, which have different meanings, can also can also refer to future situations, for example: Peter might come over next week. (It is possible that this will happen) You must finish the report before you go home tonight. (You are obliged to finish the report.) ) You may read in some books that shall is used instead of will when the subject is I or we. Only a small minority of native speakers use shall other than in questions, and then only for certainty and instant decision, never for volition or habitual characteristic. Shall is used commonly in questions: e) making a suggestion: Shall we go to the pub this evening? f) asking if the person addressed wants the speaker to do something: Shall I arrange the publicity? BIG NOTES: Will or Be Going To? When English speakers predict what they think will happen or become true in the future, they can use either will or be going to. Look at the example sentences below. Wed better cancel the picnic. The weather person says we will have heavy rain on the weekend. Wed better cancel the picnic. The weather person says we are going to have heavy rain on the weekend. In both cases, the speakers are making predictions about the weather on the weekend. There is no difference in meaning between the first example and the second. However, there are a number of situations when it is better to use will than be going to, and vice versa. Expressing Future Events with Will We use will + the base form of the main verb in these situations. Use â€Å"Will† Example Explanation To talk about things that we think will happen (In such cases we often use words such as â€Å"I think† or â€Å"probably†. ) James will probably study history at university. I know James is interested in history. Therefore I guess or predict that he will study history in the future. For official or formal announcements concerning future events The graduation dinner will take place on June 3rd of this year. Any type of ceremony, including a graduation ceremony, is a formal or important event. Therefore, the use of will is appropriate here. For promises or offers related to the future (In such cases, we are expressing willingness. ) You forgot your wallet. Dont worry. Ill lend you some money. The phone is ringing. Dont get up. Ill answer it. In each case, the speaker is expressing a willingness to help the listener. For decisions concerning future events that are made while talking Person A: The car is very dirty. Person B: Youre right. Ill wash it after lunch. Before this conversation, Person B was not planning to wash the car after lunch. He decided to do so because of something Person A said. In other words, he made his decision to wash the car during the conversation. When making serious promises Dont worry. I wont forget to pay you back the money. Ill take care of your house while youre out of the country. Dont worry about a thing. Ill never forgive him! In each case, the speaker is expressing a promise to do something in the future. Shall Shall was used in the past for the affirmative will. Today however, the forms I will or we will are preferred. Nevertheless, shall is still used in questions about the future that make offers and suggestions or ask for advice. What shall we do if they dont come soon? (asking for advice. ) Its hot in here. Shall I open a window? (making an offer) Shall we try to finish the project today? (making a suggestion) Using Be Going To We use be going to + the base form of the main verb in these situations. Use â€Å"Be Going To† Example Explanation For prediction — We use be going to + the base form of the main verb to make a prediction about the future based on our sense of sight, smell, taste, hearing or touch. In other words, something about the present causes us to think an action will happen very soon or immediately. Something smells good. Dinner is going to be delicious. The speaker is making a prediction about a future meal based on what his sense of smell tells him in the present. The sun is shining and theres not a single cloud in the sky. Its going to be a nice day. The speaker is making a prediction based on what (s)he sees. For a plan — We use be going to + the base form of the main verb to talk about future events which have already been planned. Last year we went to Hawaii for our vacation. This year we are going to take a cruise to Alaska. After work Im going to play squash with a friend. The speaker is talking about a planned event. For informal situations — We use be going to + the base form of the main verb when we talk about informal situations involving future actions. Mom and Dad are going to be angry when they see the mess youve made. Youd better clean it up before they get home. This is an informal situation between two siblings. 4. The present simple The present simple tense is used to talk about future events that have been scheduled. Examples would be meetings, timetables, airline schedules, etc†¦ The present simple is also used for situations that often or regularly happen. It can therefore be used for a future situation that is part of a regular series of happenings: The train for Berlin leaves at midnight tonight. It is also used for something that is seen as part of a fixed timetable: The sun rises at 07. 34 tomorrow. (We can imagine the speaker thinking of a table of sunrise and sunset times. ) Emma sees Luke tomorrow. (We can imagine the speaker mentally looking at Emma’s diary). Hurry up! I dont want to miss any of the game. It starts at 1:00. The meeting is in the boardroom. It begins at 10:00. Hell be here soon. His plane arrives at 6:45. 5. The modal will + be + -ing form Progressive forms usually refer to a situation that began before a time point continues through and after that time point, and into the future, and is of limited duration. The combination of this idea with the modal will, expressing certainty, leads to the modal will + be + -ing form referring to a situation beginning before a future time point and continuing through that time point: Sally’s plane takes off from Heathrow at 9 o’clock tomorrow, so by about midday she will be flying over Istanbul. It is also possible that the speaker is more concerned with the pure certainty of the action happening than with volitional aspect that might be implied by the use of WILL by itself: Emma will be seeing Luke tomorrow. Some writers claim, with some justification, that this use of modal will + a progressive implies, by its lack of reference to intention, volition or arrangement, a casual future. Depending on the context and co-text, the speaker may be intending a ‘casual’ futurity, or may be indicating a situation in progress at a particular time. 6. BE + to + infinitive. This form is not common in informal conversation. It refers to something that is to happen in the future as a plan or decree, normally by some authority other than the subject of the sentence, and is common in television and radio news reports Thus we are unlikely to hear the first of the following examples (unless Emma and Luke are the names of well-known singers, actors, etc) . We might well hear the second: Emma is to see Luke tomorrow. Downing Street announced this morning that the Prime Minister is to fly to Washington this evening for urgent talks about the current crisis. 7. to- infinitive This form is common only in newspaper headlines, where editors want to announce the news as briefly as possible. Once again, we are unlikely to see the first of the following examples (unless Emma and Luke are the names of well-known singers, actors, etc). We might well see the second: Emma to see Luke tomorrow. PM to fly to US. 8. will + have + past participle (third form) When we refer to a future action completed before a later future time, or a future state continuing up to that later future time, we use will + have + a past participle (third form). This is sometimes known as the ‘future perfect’: I will have lived here for just over thirteen years when I celebrate my 66th birthday next March. (At the moment of speaking, six months before ‘next March’, the speaker has lived ‘here’ for twelve and a half years. ) By the time she leaves Paris tomorrow, Emma will have seen Luke and told him the news. (When Emma leaves Paris tomorrow, the seeing and telling will be, for her, in the past. ) This form is sometimes known as the ‘future perfect’. 9. BE + going to + have + past participle (third form). It is possible, though not very common, for a speaker to suggest that there is present evidence of a future action completed before a later future time, or a future state continuing up to that later future time, using BE + going to + have + a past participle form (third form): By the time Emma leaves Paris tomorrow, She is going to have seen Luke and told him the news. Learners may see/hear this usage, but are recommended to use only 8. will + have + a past participle (third form), which has practically the same meaning, and is far more commonly used. 10. will + have + been + -ing form. When we refer to a future action begun before a later future time and continuing through that later future time, we use will + have + been + -ing form. By the end of next week, Emma will have been seeing Luke for three months. (She has now, one week before ‘the end of next week’ been seeing him for a week less than three months. ) This form is sometimes known as the ‘future perfect continuous’. Look at this example to be clearer between â€Å"will + inf†, â€Å"be going to†, and â€Å"be + V-ing† When you feel you’ve got a terrible headache, you say (right away at this moment) that: I’ll visit doctor tomorrow. When your mother asks about your problem, you say that: I am going to visit doctor tomorrow. When you make a phone call to your family doctor to fix an appointment, you say: I am visiting doctor tomorrow. Important Note. In many sentences, several of the forms can be used perfectly naturally. The final subconscious choice of form is made by speakers at the moment of speaking, and depends on the context of situation as they see it at that moment. Do not think that there is one, and only one, ‘correct’ form in any given situation.